Meaning and usage of the word incur in English

The word "incur" has its roots in the Old French language, specifically the verb "encourir," which means "to take upon oneself" or "to bring upon oneself." Over time, the word evolved in Middle English, and around the 15th century, it lost its "e" prefix in many cases, and the modern spelling and meaning of "incur" emerged. In its original French meaning, "incur" referred to actively seeking out or choosing to take on a risk or obligation, such as by entering into a business partnership or signing a contract. However, the original French prefix "en-" has now been absorbed into English vocabulary in other words like "enjoy" and "en grateful," so it no longer appears in "incur." Today, the verb "incur" is commonly used in several ways. It can refer, as in the original French sense, to actively and intentionally taking on a cost, obligation, or penalty, such as by overspending or breaking a law. It can also be used more passively to describe a negative consequence that has unintentionally befallen someone, such as through an accident or unexpected circumstance. In either case, the modern usage of "incur" emphasizes the idea of bearing some sort of penalty, cost, or negative consequence.